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| 1530 |
| | Francisco Pizarro sails from Panama to attempt the conquest of Peru | |
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| 1530 |
| | Atahualpa defeats and kills his half-brother Huáscar, thus winning control of the entire Inca empire | |
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| 1531 |
| | Francisco Pizarro leads 168 men, with about 30 horses, into the territory of the Inca empire | |
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| 1532 |
| | Pizarro and his tiny force ambush and massacre the Inca court in Cajamarca, capturing Atahualpa himself alive | |
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| 1532 |
| | Atahualpa agrees to buy his freedom from the Spaniards with a room full of gold and another of silver | |
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| 1533 |
| | Although the ransom has been paid, Atahualpa is executed by the Spaniards — who ensure that he dies a Christian | |
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| 1533 |
| | The Spanish conquistadors capture and sack the Inca capital of Cuzco, high in the Andes | |
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| 1536 |
| | Manco Inca begins a siege of the Spaniards in Cuzco that lasts for a year | |
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| 1537 |
| | With the end of the siege of Cuzco, and the flight of Manco Inca, the Spanish have full control of Peru | |
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| 1780 |
| | An Indian uprising in Spanish Peru is led by a descendant of the Incas, Tupac Amaru II | |
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